WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MODELS
•
Integrated
water resource management
•
Models
for local government engagement in iwrm
Integrated
water resource management
Is the practice
of making the decisions and taking actions while considering multiple view
points of how matter should be managed?
These decisions
and actions relate to situations such as;
·
Basin
planning
·
Planning
of new capital facilities
·
Controlling
reservoir releases
·
Regulating
flood plains and
Developing new laws and regulations
The decision for
making process that uses IWRM is normally very long and involves many
participants.
The need for
multiple viewpoints is caused by competition for water and complex
institutional constraints
THE COMPONENTS AND VIEWPOINTS OF IWRM
·
Water resources management
·
Purpose and service
·
stakeholders groups
·
Government and interest groups.
·
Disciplines of knowledge.
Integrated WRM begins
with the term “Water resources management” which aim to manage/ control both
natural and man-made water resources for beneficial uses.
Human-made systems and elements of natural water
systems work together in water resources systems to achieve the water
management purpose.
Human-made
systems are of two types
1. Structural
components
2. Nonstructural
components
•
Structural
components/water-control facilities
Control water flow and
quality. They include conveyance systems (channels, canals, and pipes),
diversion structures, dams and storage facilities, treatment plants, pumping
stations, HE plants, and wells.
•
Non
structural measures (which do not
require constructed facilities)
Elements
of natural water resources systems include;
The atmosphere, watersheds (drainage basins), stream
channels, wetlands, floodplains, aquifers, lakes, estuaries, seas, and the
ocean.
IWRM consider the view points of water management
agents with specific purposes, governmental and interest groups, stakeholders
who are coming from different geographic regions, and disciplines of knowledge.
IWRM
considers three aspects of water (water surface, ground water, quality and
quantity) which are
•
Interactions of water land and
environment
•
Social interrelationships and
•
Economic development
INTEGRATED
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (IWRM)
-Meaning of IWRM
-Components/view
points of IWRM
•
Meaning of IWRM=
the process of managing water while all the different uses of water resources
are considered together.
•
Components of IWRM=
WRM, governments& interest groups, stakeholders, different disciplines&
different geographical regions & the purpose
CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATED
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Answer for
qn. 11
‘’Discuss the Challenges to Water resources Management
Integration’’.
§ -governments&
interest groups,
§ -different
geographical regions &
§ -different
disciplines&
Governmental and interest group
Accommodating the
views of the government and interest
groups is a challenge in IWRM because of their different perspectives.
Governmental groups
themselves
Inter government agencies at the same level
include regional inter relations; state to state relations etc.
The
relationships btn the levels of the government at the national level and the
local government. It is very difficult to integrate ideas from all these groups.
Interest
groups
These range from those favoring development of resources
to those favoring preservation. In many
Cases, conflicts arise between the same types of interest
groups, as, for example, between fly fishers and rafters (by boat) on a stream.
Geographic
Regions
The views of stakeholders in different locations
must be balanced in introducing a geographic dimension of integration.
Example
issues between upstream and downstream stakeholders and views of stakeholders
in a basin of origin versus those in a receiving basin. All these should be
balanced
Interdisciplinary
Perspectives
The
complexity of integrated water resources management requires knowledge and
wisdom from different areas of knowledge, or disciplines. Blending knowledge
from engineering, law, finance, economics, politics, history, sociology,
psychology, life science, mathematics, and other fields can bring valuable
knowledge about the possibilities and consequences of decisions and actions.
It becomes very difficult to accommodate all their
different views together.
For example, engineering knowledge might focus on
physical infrastructure systems, whereas sociology or psychology might focus on
human impacts.
Local government engagement in water resources
management
The whole idea of this model is to direct how the
local government can be incorporated in the process of managing the water
resources.
It
can be engaged by the following ways
1. Engaging with new integrated water
resources management institutions
2. Implementing
integrated water resource management principles through local actions
These two ways
are also called models for local government engagement in IWRM.
Engaging
with new integrated water resources management institutions/
full”, or institutional-based, IWRM
This model
argues that planners should involve the local gvt leaders in the planning of
the new policies, in the revision of the water laws and in the board of the new
established institution.
-This calls for developing governance structures in
which all groups are represented and linked, and for local government to engage
within these institutions.
Implementing
IWRM principles through local actions/
“light”
or principle-based IWRM.
This principle is calling for adopting,
following and implementing the underlying WRM principles in the day to day water usage in which local gvt is engaged.
The idea behind the principle-based approach, is
that if all sub-sector and all stakeholders in water management try to apply
good WRM practice at their own level, in their own work, this will in turn lead
to the emergence of better local level water resource management.
These two approaches are not mutually exclusive. In fact,
in most situations it will make sense for local governments to follow both
approaches simultaneously (Moriarty et al.,2004). Engaging with new
IWRM institutions and Implementing IWRM principles through local actions).
QUESTION:
Discuss the contention that ‘’Engaging with new IWRM institutions and
Implementing IWRM principles through local actions approaches’’ are not
3:3 COST AND BENEFIT ANALYSIS/CBA OF
WATER PROJECTS
Ø Meaning
CBA
Ø Relationship
between CBA and water project
Ø Environmental
valuation
Ø Costs
are disadvantages or loss
Ø Benefits
are the advantages or gains
3:3=Disadvantages
and advantages assessment of water project.
The coast and
the benefits are defined according to the satisfactions of the wants.
If something meets the wants then it is the
benefit but if it detracts/goes away from wants it is the cost.
Anything is a
benefit if it improves human well being and anything is a cost if it reduces
human well being
Relationship between
CBA and Project
CBA is an economic tool for evaluating all relevant
costs and benefits of an investment, reflecting the total impact of a project
on society as a whole.
The project
should only be accepted only if summation of (Benefit – the cost) is greater
than zero. ∑ B - C> 0
As a social
decision rule for accepting the implementation of the project we need to know
what everyone prefers.
If everyone
prefers the project then we have no problem.
If many prefer the project we also have no
problem.
If half of the
people prefer and half not you need to prepare the individual gain and costs
(losses).
A cost benefit
analysis is a straight forward when all costs and benefits are measured in
monetary terms.
Much of the
environmental resources including water are non market goods and services,
making it difficult to assign money values to these environmental goods.
There is need to
have an idea of economic value of environmental assets.
•
Environmental
Valuation
Is the process
of putting monetary values on environmental goods and services,
many of which have no easily observed market prices, Example putting the monetary values
for things likes enjoying the good weather, visiting the national park,
swimming in the river etc.
Importance /role of environmental
valuation
•
Determine
the people’s preferences. People differ in preferences. Example how much people
are willing to pay for the existence of wood land in their environment?
•
Provide the means of quantifying the benefits
that people receive and the costs that the people are likely to incur if a
particular resource is going to be degraded or loss.
•
It
answer the following questions
o
How much the environment is worth and to whom it is
worth.
o
How can we efficiently and equitably finance its conservation?
o
How does degradation and loss lead to cost to
different stakeholders?
o
How would you ensure that the people take into account
the benefits and cost of the loss of that particular resource when they are
doing the economic activities?
o
How do we influence policy planning and decision
making with regard to natural resources.
QUESTION:
Explain the role of environmental valuation in water resources
management.
